The legacy of Hindu governance in Bharatvarsha was not just about military strength but also about just and righteous administration rooted in Dharma. The coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in June 1674 marked the revival of a Hindu empire in an era dominated by foreign rule. His kingdom stood as a beacon of ethical governance, economic self-sufficiency, and social justice. On September19 his birth anniversary, it is important to revisit his administrative principles, which continue to offer valuable lessons for modern policymakers.
A Ruler as a Trustee: Governance in Service of Dharma
Unlike the authoritarian rule of contemporary Islamic sultanates, Shivaji ruled as a trustee of his people, a concept derived from the ancient Hindu tradition of Rajadharma (the duty of a king). His spiritual guru, Swami Ramdas, instilled in him the belief that a king is not the owner of his kingdom but its guardian. Shivaji’s renowned act of offering his kingdom to Swami Ramdas and ruling in his name reflects his deep commitment to Dharma. This principle ensured that governance was centered on the welfare of the people rather than personal ambition.
Agriculture: A Policy of Empowerment, Not Exploitation Shivaji’s policies in the agrarian sector remain a lesson for modern governance. His letter dated 5 September 1676 to Ramaji Anant, the subedar of Prabhavali, illustrates his vision for agricultural prosperity. Unlike the oppressive taxation policies of the Mughal empire, which led to the enslavement of peasants for non-payment, Shivaji ensured that farmers were treated as partners in the kingdom’s economic progress. He directed officials to encourage farming, provide financial aid for oxen and seeds, and offer debt relief in times of hardship. This balanced approach ensured economic responsibility while prioritizing the welfare of citizens—an approach that modern economies can learn from.
Trade and Commerce: Protectionism with Prudence Shivaji’s economic policies were aimed at strengthening indigenous commerce and preventing economic exploitation by foreign powers. His letter dated 7 December 1671 to the Sarsubedar of Kudal, Narhari Anandrao, demonstrates his strategic mindset. He recognized that the influx of cheaper Portuguese salt from Bardesh (Goa) threatened local businesses and immediately increased customs duties to protect native traders. This early example of economic nationalism ensured that wealth remained within his kingdom, benefiting Hindu merchants and preventing undue foreign profiteering.
Taxation: A Just and Equitable Model Unlike the exorbitant and discriminatory taxes imposed by Mughal emperors like Aurangzeb, Shivaji’s taxation system was fair and proportional. His policies ensured that every citizen contributed to the state based on their capacity, eliminating unjust levies that burdened the common people. As documented by Surendranath Sen in Administrative System of the Marathas, Shivaji’s tax system promoted economic stability, self-sufficiency, and fairness—values that remain crucial for modern governance.
A Contrast with the Tyranny of Foreign Rule
The stark difference between Hindu administration under Shivaji and Mughal rule is evident. While Mughal firmans explicitly sanctioned brutal punishments for tax defaulters, including flogging and enslaving their families, Shivaji’s governance was based on justice and compassion. His rule was free from forced revenue collection, ensuring that even the poorest subjects were treated with dignity and fairness.
Shivaji’s Legacy in the Modern Context
Shivaji Maharaj’s governance model, rooted in Hindu Dharma, exemplified justice, economic prudence, and administrative excellence. As India seeks to strengthen its governance structures, policymakers should revisit the principles of Surajya—self-rule based on righteousness. His policies on agriculture, taxation, and commerce provide a roadmap for sustainable development, emphasizing empowerment over dependence and economic nationalism over exploitative globalism.
On this auspicious occasion of his birth anniversary, let us remember that Shivaji was not merely a warrior-king but a visionary leader who laid the foundation for a just and dharmic state. His governance was the finest example of Hindu rule, and following his principles is key to true national resurgence.
References:
1. Book: Shivaji and His Times, Jadunath Sarkar
2. Shivaji The Great by B. Krishna
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